Het is mij inmiddels gelukt om het systeem te laten draaien:

Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.15063](c) 2017 Microsoft Corporation. Alle rechten voorbehouden.


C:\WINDOWS\system32>sfc /scannow


Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.


Another servicing or repair operation is currently running.
Wait for this to finish and run sfc again.


C:\WINDOWS\system32>sfc /scannow


Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.


Another servicing or repair operation is currently running.
Wait for this to finish and run sfc again.


C:\WINDOWS\system32>sfc /scannow


Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.


Beginning verification phase of system scan.
Verification 100% complete.


Windows Resource Protection found corrupt files but was unable to fix some
of them. Details are included in the CBS.Log windir\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. For
example C:\Windows\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. Note that logging is currently not
supported in offline servicing scenarios.


C:\WINDOWS\system32>
Wat nu?